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BRIAN COX: The natural world is
beautiful, but complex.

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The skies dance with color.

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(CHILDREN CLAMORING)

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Shapes of great geometrical beauty

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form and disappear...

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And the planet itself is
constantly transformed.

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But this seemingly infinite complexity

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is the shadow of something deeper,

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the underlying laws of nature.

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The world we live in
is beautiful to look at,

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but it's even more beautiful
to understand.

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Everything in the universe is in motion,

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and yet it feels as if
we're standing still.

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This appears to be such
a simple observation,

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but the study of motion lies at
the very foundation of modern physics

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and leads to the astonishing conclusion

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that the division of time into
past, present and future,

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is an illusion.

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Our intuition is wrong.

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Space and time are stranger
than we could possibly have imagined.

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From our viewpoint here on Earth,

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the planet seems motionless

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as the universe revolves around us.

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Every day for
four and a half billion years,

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the Sun has risen in the East,

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cracked across the sky and set
below the Western horizon.

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And as the years pass,
so the seasons turn.

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Summer fades into autumn,

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and autumn into winter.

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But these seemingly
perpetual cycles are delicate,

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evocative hints that our planet
is far from stationary.

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I've always loved
the passing of the seasons,

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a gentle experience with
a powerful resonance.

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I'd remember the words
of those hymns I used to sing

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when I was six or seven
that celebrate them.

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"Let me plough the fields and scatter,"

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"in the bleak mid-winter,
the frosty winds may moan."

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The daily changes are
almost imperceptible.

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The reddening of the leaves and
the cooling of the streams is subtle,

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but those changes mask
a jarring celestial violence.

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So, what is going on out there,

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in space and time,

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as the days pass, the seasons change?

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The most familiar aspect of our
planet's motion is the day,

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caused by the Earth's rotation.

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You'd have to go back to
the turn of the 17th century

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to find anyone who'd argue
that the Earth doesn't spin.

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But you need a piece of
21st century technology

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to experience just how fast it's moving.

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PILOT: We're going to get ourselves
airborne from Warton, here,

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00:05:02,719 --> 00:05:04,938
and then we're going to
climb up to altitude

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and we're going to try and beat
the Earth's rotation.

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BRIAN: The Earth spins so fast

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that you can't beat it
with any old crate.

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You need something a bit special.

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This is a Eurofighter Typhoon.

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It flies at, at least Mach 1.85,
twice the speed of sound.

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I can't tell you exactly how fast,
'cause it's classified.

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They go up to at least 55,000 feet,

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but again, I can't tell you,
it's classified.

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And you can't film
down those air intakes

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because they're classified as well.

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This one is BA Systems'
development aircraft

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and I'm going to get in it in a minute.

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And it's got all the test software

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and the pilot told me that, you know,

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it's a bit ropey so, erm,

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press "control-alt-delete"
occasionally if it all goes funny

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and usually it comes back on,

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which is good.

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MAN: Get in feet-wise. Comfy? Good.

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That's for, if you take control.

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- It's unlikely. (CHUCKLES)
- Unlikely.

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MAN: Have you got a sick bag?

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No.

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Worst comes to the worst,
do it in your glove.

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CONTROLLER: Charlie 6-9.
Runway 0-7. Clear take-off.

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Wind 350 degrees, seven knots.
Overall, okay to go.

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PILOT: Ready?

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- BRIAN: Yeah.
- PILOT: We'll go for it.

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And we're off.

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Oh, lovely.

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(CHUCKLES)

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I have to say, that's the way
to depart an airfield.

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PILOT: (LAUGHS) Isn't it?

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BRIAN: You can see on the East side,
everything's darkening up quite nicely

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as the Sun starts to set, and on
the ground it's already...

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It's dark on the ground now,
as far as the Sun is concerned.

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So accelerating...

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- PILOT: So that's Mach .78.
- BRIAN: Yeah.

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- And the G-Seat is in place here.
- Certainly is.

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BRIAN: Turning directly
towards the setting sun,

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the Typhoon accelerates

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to catch up with the Earth's spin.

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Beneath us,
a 6, 000 billion-billion-tonne rock

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is spinning at 650 miles per hour.

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Match that speed,
and something interesting happens

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to the Sun's motion across the sky.

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PILOT: Six-hundred and fifty miles
an hour.

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So we're traveling at precisely

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- the speed of the Earth's rotation.
- BRIAN: That's right.

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PILOT: So we spot the Sun, it's about
what, about two-thirds down?

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So it should just stay there now,

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'cause we're going at exactly
the same speed as the Earth.

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BRIAN: But travel faster than
the plane-it surface

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and the normal passage of
the day is reversed.

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PILOT: Right, accelerating,
accelerating.

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BRIAN: Oh, there we go,
that's acceleration.

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PILOT: Mach 1.

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Through the sound barrier.

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BRIAN: As the jet accelerates,

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it starts to overtake
the spin of the Earth...

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causing the setting Sun
to rise again.

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PILOT: Starting to grow a little.
BRIAN: It is, I can see it.

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We're beating the Earth.

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Absolutely terrific.

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PILOT: Starting to climb again,
you can see it coming up.

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- BRIAN: Yeah.
- PILOT: That's Mach 1.4.

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BRIAN: So it's 1,000 miles an hour.

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PILOT: Yeah, almost
1,000 miles an hour.

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BRIAN: And now the Sun, it's almost
the full disc over the clouds.

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The sunrise.

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Two sunrises in one day

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and all you need is the world's
most advanced fighter aircraft.

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PILOT: There we go.

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BRIAN: Beautiful.

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We've done it, we've outrun the Earth.

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(BRIAN CHUCKLES)

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- Good-bye, Sun.
- PILOT: Yes.

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Right, let's get ourselves
on our way home.

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BRIAN: Do me a favor.

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'Cause I've had a bit of a quarrel with
Lambeth Parking Services.

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(BOTH LAUGHING)

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just one last favor before we land.

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(CONTROLLER SPEAKING IN DISTINCTLY
OVER RADIO)

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So that worked beautifully well.
(CHUCKLES)

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What happens when you
light those engines on full,

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accelerate up to 1.4 times
the speed of sound,

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you can't tell you're going
at that speed at all

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apart from the fact that
out in the front of the cockpit,

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the Sun just gently rises up again

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in the West over Ireland.

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Erm, and then you put the brakes on
and your face goes funny,

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but it was terrific.

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- (BOTH LAUGH)
- Thank you.

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And for the tape, he wasn't ill.

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(LAUGHS)

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BRIAN: To turn on its axis
once every 24 hours,

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the Earth is spinning
at breakneck speed.

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At the Equator, where the ground has
furthest to travel each day,

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its speed exceeds
1,000 miles an hour,

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which presents a deep paradox.

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Here, right now, on a lazy spring day
in the south of England,

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this piece of ground is thundering along
at 650 miles an hour

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and yet I can't feel it.

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And when you think about it,

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that's a very strange thing.

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I mean, what is motion
if you can't perceive it?

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Well, the answer is a deep one.

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You can't perceive that you're moving

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if you're traveling in a straight line
at a constant speed,

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and that's a fundamental
property of nature,

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it's the way our universe
is constructed.

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So, I don't feel that I'm moving
from minute to minute,

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because I'm almost moving
in a straight line.

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I have to make it 'round in a circle,

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but it's 15,000 miles around
and I have 24 hours to do it.

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Although we don't
experience the sensation

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of moving around our planet's axis,

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we do experience events

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that are a direct consequence
of living on a spinning globe.

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In the Philippines,

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the warmth of the tropical Sun
and the spin of the Earth

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conspire to produce some of the most
extreme weather on the planet.

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And for the people who live here,

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it poses an ever-present threat.

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00:14:09,223 --> 00:14:13,979
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

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00:14:40,505 --> 00:14:42,348
BRIAN: With the kids out of the way,

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Leanella begins the work she hopes will
allow them to leave Tacloban forever.

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00:14:53,393 --> 00:14:56,613
(LEANELLA SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

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BRIAN: Every time it rains,

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00:15:25,466 --> 00:15:28,219
darker memories rise to the surface.

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00:15:28,928 --> 00:15:31,852
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

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00:15:41,649 --> 00:15:45,825
BRIAN: Three years ago, driven by
heat rising from the tropical waters,

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a storm formed over the Pacific Ocean.

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As it tracked north,

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the Earth's rotation
gave rise to a force

188
00:15:58,583 --> 00:16:00,426
known as the "Coriolis force"

189
00:16:01,252 --> 00:16:05,553
which acted on the air falling
into its low-pressure heart

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00:16:05,631 --> 00:16:07,508
causing the storm to spin,

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00:16:08,509 --> 00:16:10,557
increasing its intensity.

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00:16:17,685 --> 00:16:20,404
So what began as
a tropical storm at sea,

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00:16:20,646 --> 00:16:24,492
hit Tacloban as
a Category 5 super typhoon.

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00:16:43,461 --> 00:16:47,341
Leanella's family were caught
directly in its path.

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00:16:47,423 --> 00:16:50,427
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

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00:17:05,024 --> 00:17:08,904
BRIAN: Leanella took the children and
sought shelter in the local church,

197
00:17:08,986 --> 00:17:11,535
the only solid structure
in the neighborhood.

198
00:17:17,662 --> 00:17:20,165
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

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00:17:21,874 --> 00:17:23,968
(READING)

200
00:17:24,752 --> 00:17:29,724
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

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00:17:37,765 --> 00:17:41,144
BRIAN: But while the family were in
the relative safety of the church,

202
00:17:41,227 --> 00:17:45,573
Leanella's husband was caught up in
the chaos raging outside.

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00:17:49,735 --> 00:17:56,038
(LEANELLA SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

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00:18:10,715 --> 00:18:12,763
BRIAN: Boosted by the Coriolis force,

205
00:18:12,842 --> 00:18:15,891
winds approaching 200 miles per hour,

206
00:18:15,970 --> 00:18:17,267
whipped up the ocean

207
00:18:20,558 --> 00:18:23,277
into a devastating storm surge.

208
00:18:33,988 --> 00:18:37,083
Over 90% of the city was destroyed,

209
00:18:39,952 --> 00:18:44,128
leaving Leanella with an anxious wait
for news of her husband

210
00:18:52,840 --> 00:18:55,639
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

211
00:18:59,680 --> 00:19:01,774
(JUVI SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

212
00:19:17,865 --> 00:19:20,368
BRIAN: Exposed to the full force
of the storm,

213
00:19:21,035 --> 00:19:24,209
Juvi had been swept inland
for more than a mile.

214
00:19:26,165 --> 00:19:30,341
(LEANELLA SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

215
00:19:34,298 --> 00:19:37,097
(PRAYING IN OTHER LANGUAGE)

216
00:19:42,556 --> 00:19:46,436
BRIAN: The Hanandez family
experienced a singular event

217
00:19:46,519 --> 00:19:49,989
that's affected their lives
dramatically and directly.

218
00:19:59,198 --> 00:20:01,701
The Coriolis force that caused it;

219
00:20:01,784 --> 00:20:05,379
Isn't a fundamental force of nature
in its own right.

220
00:20:06,163 --> 00:20:09,292
It appears because of
the Earth's rotation.

221
00:20:15,214 --> 00:20:18,263
So-called "fictitious forces" like this

222
00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:21,770
arise whenever anything
spins or rotates.

223
00:20:23,347 --> 00:20:27,318
And because the Earth's orbital motion
through space is complex,

224
00:20:27,393 --> 00:20:31,148
affected not only by the Sun
but also the Moon,

225
00:20:31,731 --> 00:20:33,984
there are other
fictitious forces at work.

226
00:20:39,405 --> 00:20:42,579
One of these plays
a subtle but important role

227
00:20:42,658 --> 00:20:46,458
in a twice-daily phenomenon
with which we are all familiar,

228
00:20:47,830 --> 00:20:50,504
the ebb and flow of the tides.

229
00:21:03,471 --> 00:21:06,691
We usually think of the Moon
in orbit around the Earth

230
00:21:06,766 --> 00:21:08,860
as the Earth stays still,

231
00:21:09,185 --> 00:21:10,778
but that's not quite right.

232
00:21:10,895 --> 00:21:12,647
Actually they're both in orbit.

233
00:21:12,855 --> 00:21:14,698
They're in orbit around a point called

234
00:21:14,774 --> 00:21:17,948
the common center of mass
of the Earth-Moon system.

235
00:21:18,152 --> 00:21:19,870
Essentially what's happening is,

236
00:21:20,571 --> 00:21:21,788
something like that,

237
00:21:21,989 --> 00:21:23,741
although it's quite difficult to do.

238
00:21:24,366 --> 00:21:27,996
Now, when things rotate
around in circles,

239
00:21:28,078 --> 00:21:29,955
other forces come into play.

240
00:21:30,331 --> 00:21:32,959
In this case a force called
the centrifugal force.

241
00:21:33,125 --> 00:21:35,969
So, that's a force you'd feel if you're
hanging onto a roundabout

242
00:21:36,045 --> 00:21:38,764
going faster and faster and you have
to hang on tighter and tighter,

243
00:21:38,839 --> 00:21:40,559
'cause of the force trying
to throw you off,

244
00:21:40,841 --> 00:21:42,764
that's the centrifugal force.

245
00:21:44,011 --> 00:21:47,015
Now, let's bring the Moon back.

246
00:21:47,848 --> 00:21:50,601
So, now there are two forces
at play in this system.

247
00:21:50,684 --> 00:21:53,153
There's a gravitational pull
of the Moon,

248
00:21:53,229 --> 00:21:55,106
trying to pull everything towards it,

249
00:21:55,189 --> 00:21:58,193
and there's that centrifugal force,
trying to throw everything off

250
00:21:58,734 --> 00:22:00,611
and they're in perfect balance

251
00:22:01,028 --> 00:22:03,122
at the center of the Earth.

252
00:22:03,948 --> 00:22:05,791
But think about the ocean here.

253
00:22:06,575 --> 00:22:08,919
That's closer to the Moon

254
00:22:09,203 --> 00:22:11,581
and so the Moon's
gravitational pull wins

255
00:22:12,081 --> 00:22:13,674
and you get a tidal bulge.

256
00:22:14,291 --> 00:22:16,919
Now think about this point,
on this side of the Earth.

257
00:22:17,211 --> 00:22:19,930
That's farther away from the Moon,

258
00:22:20,005 --> 00:22:22,303
so the centrifugal force wins,

259
00:22:22,383 --> 00:22:25,307
throwing the water off and
you get a tidal bulge.

260
00:22:25,845 --> 00:22:30,817
Now, the Earth just rotates
underneath those tides,

261
00:22:30,891 --> 00:22:32,268
once a day,

262
00:22:32,643 --> 00:22:36,022
and that's why you get
two tides every day.

263
00:22:42,361 --> 00:22:43,954
On an English beach,

264
00:22:44,029 --> 00:22:47,750
the complex gravitational interaction
between Earth and Moon

265
00:22:47,825 --> 00:22:52,296
is distilled into the gentle advance and
retreat of the waves.

266
00:22:55,332 --> 00:22:57,084
But in some parts of the world,

267
00:22:57,167 --> 00:22:59,215
on a few days of the year,

268
00:22:59,295 --> 00:23:02,424
this mismatch of
the forces across the Earth,

269
00:23:02,506 --> 00:23:05,305
unleashes something
far more destructive.

270
00:23:18,147 --> 00:23:20,525
For nearly 4,500 miles,

271
00:23:20,608 --> 00:23:23,862
the Amazon snakes through
dense rainforest,

272
00:23:23,903 --> 00:23:26,122
from its source high in the Andes

273
00:23:26,196 --> 00:23:28,290
to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean.

274
00:23:37,249 --> 00:23:39,968
And here, close to
the mouth of the river;

275
00:23:40,044 --> 00:23:42,672
Its banks are home to the Rivieros.

276
00:23:46,300 --> 00:23:49,395
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

277
00:24:05,653 --> 00:24:07,872
BRIAN: In this remote part
of the jungle,

278
00:24:07,947 --> 00:24:11,451
Joao's family are completely
dependent on the river.

279
00:24:15,079 --> 00:24:17,252
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

280
00:24:32,304 --> 00:24:34,523
BRIAN: The Amazon is
the center of their world

281
00:24:36,767 --> 00:24:39,270
the place where they work and play.

282
00:24:48,654 --> 00:24:50,497
But today is different.

283
00:24:51,865 --> 00:24:54,539
Today they must get away from the water

284
00:24:55,577 --> 00:24:57,124
because this part of the river

285
00:24:58,539 --> 00:24:59,961
is home to a monster.

286
00:25:05,963 --> 00:25:10,218
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

287
00:25:27,735 --> 00:25:29,783
BRIAN: In the ancient Tupi language,

288
00:25:29,820 --> 00:25:32,323
Pororoca means "Great roar",

289
00:25:33,574 --> 00:25:35,417
a sound so loud

290
00:25:35,492 --> 00:25:37,415
that it can be heard 10 miles away.

291
00:25:44,668 --> 00:25:47,592
(JOAO SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

292
00:26:02,102 --> 00:26:05,356
BRIAN: When the Moon and Sun
fall into alignment with the Earth,

293
00:26:07,649 --> 00:26:10,027
their gravitational pull is combined,

294
00:26:13,238 --> 00:26:16,538
causing the Pororoca
to emerge from the ocean.

295
00:26:21,789 --> 00:26:24,338
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

296
00:26:31,590 --> 00:26:33,684
BRIAN: The Pororoca is
one of the biggest

297
00:26:33,759 --> 00:26:37,104
and most powerful tidal waves
on the planet.

298
00:26:42,351 --> 00:26:44,445
A seething wall of water

299
00:26:44,561 --> 00:26:46,563
that engulfs everything in its path

300
00:26:47,106 --> 00:26:50,451
as it surges up the river
for nearly 200 miles.

301
00:27:11,171 --> 00:27:13,549
But as the Pororoca strikes,

302
00:27:13,632 --> 00:27:16,226
not everyone is trying to escape.

303
00:27:21,557 --> 00:27:23,935
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

304
00:28:00,345 --> 00:28:03,144
BRIAN: Serginia Elowrus
has devoted his life

305
00:28:03,599 --> 00:28:05,351
to surfing the Pororoca,

306
00:28:06,977 --> 00:28:08,945
waiting for the few times a year

307
00:28:09,021 --> 00:28:11,023
when the Earth's orbit around the Sun

308
00:28:11,106 --> 00:28:13,780
and the center of mass of
the Earth-Moon system

309
00:28:13,859 --> 00:28:16,487
provides the ultimate ride
through the jungle.

310
00:28:26,747 --> 00:28:29,591
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

311
00:28:57,361 --> 00:28:59,910
BRIAN: Then as suddenly as it appears,

312
00:28:59,988 --> 00:29:01,706
the Pororoca passes,

313
00:29:03,533 --> 00:29:06,286
leaving nothing but stories in its wake.

314
00:29:08,622 --> 00:29:12,547
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

315
00:29:54,584 --> 00:29:57,679
The tides are a familiar
everyday result

316
00:29:57,754 --> 00:30:02,385
of the details of the Earth's complex
spinning and rotational motion

317
00:30:02,467 --> 00:30:06,017
and its gravitational dance
with the Moon.

318
00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:09,559
We experience them almost
from moment to moment,

319
00:30:09,641 --> 00:30:13,646
certainly over the length of one lazy
summer's afternoon,

320
00:30:13,729 --> 00:30:15,982
but the very existence of the Moon

321
00:30:16,189 --> 00:30:18,988
has its origins in
a series of chance events,

322
00:30:19,067 --> 00:30:23,914
way back in deep time
that created this stage

323
00:30:23,989 --> 00:30:25,741
on which we live out our lives.

324
00:30:32,831 --> 00:30:35,129
BRIAN: 4.6 billion years ago,

325
00:30:35,208 --> 00:30:39,054
the solar system formed from
a cloud of gas and dust,

326
00:30:39,129 --> 00:30:41,223
collapsing under its own gravity.

327
00:30:45,635 --> 00:30:47,558
As the cloud fell inwards,

328
00:30:48,805 --> 00:30:50,432
it began to spin.

329
00:30:54,394 --> 00:30:56,488
And it was out of this maelstrom

330
00:30:56,563 --> 00:30:58,440
that our planet was forged

331
00:30:59,107 --> 00:31:01,781
from colliding rock and ice.

332
00:31:12,954 --> 00:31:17,209
The Earth's spin was taken
from the primordial cloud

333
00:31:17,292 --> 00:31:19,135
out of which it formed.

334
00:31:23,465 --> 00:31:25,888
With every impact, the Earth grew,

335
00:31:26,551 --> 00:31:28,428
until eventually...

336
00:31:30,722 --> 00:31:33,896
The Sun rose over
the newly-formed planet

337
00:31:36,144 --> 00:31:37,521
for the first time.

338
00:31:44,486 --> 00:31:48,036
The first sunrise on the first day.

339
00:32:01,169 --> 00:32:03,342
For around 100 million years,

340
00:32:03,380 --> 00:32:06,600
the young Earth circled the Sun alone.

341
00:32:07,467 --> 00:32:11,688
Until, it's thought,
a catastrophic impact

342
00:32:11,763 --> 00:32:15,393
resulted in the creation of
our planet's constant companion.

343
00:32:19,479 --> 00:32:21,481
It's not long after the Earth formed,

344
00:32:21,565 --> 00:32:23,533
a planet the size of Mars,

345
00:32:23,608 --> 00:32:26,657
crashed into it in a glancing collision,

346
00:32:26,736 --> 00:32:31,037
throwing rocks and debris
thousands of miles out into space

347
00:32:31,116 --> 00:32:33,619
and over time those rocks

348
00:32:34,035 --> 00:32:36,379
coalesced together to form the Moon.

349
00:32:41,918 --> 00:32:45,218
The Moon formed 15 times

350
00:32:45,297 --> 00:32:47,345
closer to the Earth than it is today.

351
00:32:47,424 --> 00:32:49,973
So it wasn't a quarter of
a million miles away,

352
00:32:50,469 --> 00:32:53,393
it was 10 or 15,000 miles away

353
00:32:53,472 --> 00:32:55,850
and it would have been a smooth object

354
00:32:55,932 --> 00:33:00,062
with volcanoes seething with lava.

355
00:33:01,062 --> 00:33:02,814
It would have been an incredible sight.

356
00:33:08,320 --> 00:33:10,288
BRIAN: The collision
that formed the Moon

357
00:33:10,363 --> 00:33:14,960
also had a dramatic and
lasting effect on the Earth.

358
00:33:17,996 --> 00:33:20,670
See, you might expect that
when the planets formed

359
00:33:20,749 --> 00:33:24,049
out of that rotating
disc of gas and dust,

360
00:33:24,419 --> 00:33:26,092
that they would all spin along with it,

361
00:33:26,671 --> 00:33:30,676
so their spin axis would
be at right angles

362
00:33:30,759 --> 00:33:32,352
to the disc of the solar system.

363
00:33:32,802 --> 00:33:34,645
But that collision that formed the Moon,

364
00:33:34,721 --> 00:33:36,598
knocked the Earth over,

365
00:33:36,973 --> 00:33:40,523
so now it's at an angle
of 23 and a half degrees

366
00:33:40,936 --> 00:33:43,735
and that means that as
it orbits around the Sun,

367
00:33:43,813 --> 00:33:45,235
that at some points

368
00:33:45,315 --> 00:33:47,659
the Northern Hemisphere
points towards the Sun

369
00:33:48,068 --> 00:33:50,617
and at other points,
the Northern Hemisphere,

370
00:33:50,695 --> 00:33:52,117
points away from the Sun.

371
00:33:55,492 --> 00:33:59,042
BRIAN: A random event that
happened so long ago,

372
00:33:59,204 --> 00:34:02,083
has shaped the character
of our planet ever since

373
00:34:02,874 --> 00:34:05,627
and we experience its legacy every day.

374
00:34:09,297 --> 00:34:12,801
But these spins and orbits
had a deeper effect,

375
00:34:13,343 --> 00:34:16,142
because they're an essential
part of the stage

376
00:34:16,221 --> 00:34:17,768
upon which life evolved

377
00:34:18,139 --> 00:34:21,439
and over billions of years,
natural selection

378
00:34:21,810 --> 00:34:25,189
has shaped the animals and plants
that live on Earth,

379
00:34:25,564 --> 00:34:28,568
in response to this celestial clockwork.

380
00:34:30,694 --> 00:34:34,073
The lowly dung beetle
is a beautiful example.

381
00:34:43,206 --> 00:34:45,959
Their lives revolve around dung.

382
00:34:47,085 --> 00:34:48,337
Eating it,

383
00:34:50,255 --> 00:34:51,632
fighting over it...

384
00:34:54,092 --> 00:34:56,390
Before rolling it away to safety.

385
00:34:59,222 --> 00:35:00,394
To aid their getaway,

386
00:35:00,765 --> 00:35:02,767
the beetles have evolved a trick

387
00:35:03,059 --> 00:35:06,814
that's intimately linked to
the mechanics of the heavens.

388
00:35:11,151 --> 00:35:14,781
Using specialized photoreceptors
on the tops of their eyes,

389
00:35:15,071 --> 00:35:17,870
they track the Sun
as it sweeps across the sky

390
00:35:18,408 --> 00:35:21,878
using it to guide them on
the quickest straight-line path

391
00:35:22,287 --> 00:35:24,210
away from the other beetles.

392
00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:30,382
But as night falls,

393
00:35:30,420 --> 00:35:33,390
the Sun dips below the Western horizon

394
00:35:33,882 --> 00:35:37,261
to be followed across the sky
by the Moon.

395
00:35:41,848 --> 00:35:43,145
So by night,

396
00:35:43,224 --> 00:35:46,649
nocturnal beetles navigate by moonlight.

397
00:35:51,358 --> 00:35:55,283
And after the Moon itself has set
in the dead of night,

398
00:35:55,945 --> 00:35:59,290
they navigate by the light
of the Milky Way.

399
00:36:02,494 --> 00:36:05,122
It's as if the beetles carry an imprint

400
00:36:05,205 --> 00:36:08,459
of events that happened
billions of years in the past.

401
00:36:14,631 --> 00:36:17,601
Their unique behavior
can be traced back

402
00:36:17,842 --> 00:36:20,140
to the origin of the solar system.

403
00:36:23,807 --> 00:36:26,811
The collisions that
set our world spinning

404
00:36:27,352 --> 00:36:30,481
and the catastrophic impact
that created the Moon.

405
00:36:34,234 --> 00:36:37,534
We're separated from the violence
of our planet's history

406
00:36:37,612 --> 00:36:39,159
by the passage of time.

407
00:36:41,908 --> 00:36:43,876
Although almost paradoxically,

408
00:36:43,952 --> 00:36:46,580
it's in our experience of time,

409
00:36:46,621 --> 00:36:48,373
the setting of the Sun,

410
00:36:48,748 --> 00:36:51,251
the rise and fall of the tides

411
00:36:51,751 --> 00:36:53,970
and the passing of the seasons

412
00:36:55,213 --> 00:37:00,595
that we glimpse the reality of our
voyage through space and time.

413
00:37:19,070 --> 00:37:21,448
It's July 10th and
the Northern Hemisphere

414
00:37:21,531 --> 00:37:23,158
is tilted towards the Sun.

415
00:37:23,533 --> 00:37:26,707
That means that the sunrise
is high across the sky

416
00:37:26,911 --> 00:37:28,788
and that increases
the amount of sunlight

417
00:37:28,872 --> 00:37:31,751
falling on the ground in
this little part of Oxfordshire

418
00:37:32,125 --> 00:37:33,468
and that heats it up.

419
00:37:34,502 --> 00:37:36,470
The English summer's in full swing.

420
00:37:54,022 --> 00:37:55,899
But the Earth is on the move,

421
00:37:56,316 --> 00:37:59,490
a planet continuing to
thunder around the Sun

422
00:37:59,569 --> 00:38:01,196
because of the principle of inertia,

423
00:38:01,279 --> 00:38:04,374
its straight-line path
curved into an orbit

424
00:38:04,449 --> 00:38:06,668
by the force of gravity

425
00:38:06,701 --> 00:38:09,545
and as the Earth moves on that orbit,

426
00:38:09,621 --> 00:38:12,374
the North Pole tilts away from the Sun

427
00:38:12,457 --> 00:38:15,427
and the violence of all
that celestial mechanics

428
00:38:15,460 --> 00:38:18,430
is distilled into the gentle sensation

429
00:38:18,505 --> 00:38:19,973
of a lazy summer's day,

430
00:38:20,340 --> 00:38:25,016
giving way to the crisp chill of autumn.

431
00:38:25,595 --> 00:38:29,270
The Sun rides low in the sky
and the nights draw in.

432
00:38:29,849 --> 00:38:32,819
And as the Earth continues
a yearly voyage,

433
00:38:32,894 --> 00:38:37,274
and the North Pole tilts still further
from the warmth of the Sun,

434
00:38:37,941 --> 00:38:39,113
Autumn...

435
00:38:41,903 --> 00:38:43,246
becomes winter.

436
00:38:43,696 --> 00:38:47,166
The Sun barely rises above
the tops of the trees

437
00:38:47,325 --> 00:38:50,670
and Britain is plunged
into a deep freeze.

438
00:38:54,457 --> 00:38:57,051
BRIAN: In the temperate latitudes
of Oxfords/lire,

439
00:38:57,126 --> 00:39:00,380
the passing of the seasons
is relatively gentle.

440
00:39:04,300 --> 00:39:05,893
But if you head north,

441
00:39:05,969 --> 00:39:08,188
Earth's 23 degree tilt

442
00:39:08,221 --> 00:39:10,849
delivers a much more powerful challenge

443
00:39:10,932 --> 00:39:14,277
to the people that live in
these lands of midnight sun

444
00:39:14,352 --> 00:39:16,821
and perpetual winter night.

445
00:39:24,612 --> 00:39:26,614
Sitting on the Arctic Circle,

446
00:39:26,698 --> 00:39:29,326
Tasiilaq experiences one of the largest

447
00:39:29,409 --> 00:39:31,832
seasonal temperature swings
on the planet.

448
00:39:36,875 --> 00:39:39,628
In summer, days are long and mild

449
00:39:39,711 --> 00:39:42,931
with nearly 23 hours
of daylight to enjoy.

450
00:39:51,431 --> 00:39:52,808
(SPEAKING IN OTHER LANGUAGE)

451
00:40:50,365 --> 00:40:51,867
Mmm!

452
00:40:55,745 --> 00:40:57,713
BRIAN: The dramatic seasonal shifts

453
00:40:57,789 --> 00:41:00,042
present elemental challenges

454
00:41:00,124 --> 00:41:02,218
to families like the Christiansen's.

455
00:41:06,589 --> 00:41:08,933
As the Earth journeys 'round the Sun,

456
00:41:09,258 --> 00:41:12,057
the whole of Greenland
is tilted outwards

457
00:41:12,136 --> 00:41:14,730
towards the cold blackness of space.

458
00:41:26,526 --> 00:41:29,826
Human beings evolved in
the equatorial valleys of Africa

459
00:41:30,405 --> 00:41:33,454
and are not well suited
to the Arctic winter,

460
00:41:33,533 --> 00:41:36,662
where wind speeds exceed
100 miles per hour

461
00:41:36,744 --> 00:41:41,625
and temperatures plummet towards
minus-30 degrees Celsius.

462
00:41:48,798 --> 00:41:51,221
We require all the ingenuity and skills

463
00:41:51,300 --> 00:41:54,053
passed down from
generation to generation

464
00:41:54,470 --> 00:41:58,225
to survive until
the Sun rides high again.

465
00:42:00,727 --> 00:42:03,606
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

466
00:42:07,775 --> 00:42:10,870
(MICHAEL SPEAKING IN OTHER LANGUAGE)

467
00:42:18,244 --> 00:42:19,712
BRIAN: To search for food

468
00:42:19,787 --> 00:42:22,540
Michael, Malik and their friend Enoch,

469
00:42:22,707 --> 00:42:26,382
must head out onto
the treacherous, frozen ocean.

470
00:42:29,422 --> 00:42:33,097
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

471
00:43:31,484 --> 00:43:33,703
BRIAN: They've come here because
beneath the ice,

472
00:43:33,778 --> 00:43:36,372
the ocean waters teem with life.

473
00:43:38,825 --> 00:43:41,374
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

474
00:43:50,378 --> 00:43:51,846
BRIAN: Despite appearances,

475
00:43:51,921 --> 00:43:55,016
the frozen depths of winter are in fact

476
00:43:55,091 --> 00:43:56,809
the best time to fish.

477
00:43:59,262 --> 00:44:03,233
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

478
00:44:13,901 --> 00:44:15,448
BRIAN: For just a few months,

479
00:44:15,528 --> 00:44:18,202
ice provides a platform over the ocean,

480
00:44:18,698 --> 00:44:21,497
giving easy access to the fish below.

481
00:44:22,702 --> 00:44:26,081
A brief window, in which
they must catch enough

482
00:44:26,164 --> 00:44:28,041
to last the entire year.

483
00:44:34,797 --> 00:44:36,970
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

484
00:44:50,062 --> 00:44:53,032
BRIAN: Lessons learned this winter
will stay with Malik

485
00:44:53,191 --> 00:44:54,488
for the rest of his life,

486
00:44:57,904 --> 00:45:00,077
until he becomes a hunter himself.

487
00:45:17,715 --> 00:45:19,262
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

488
00:46:06,973 --> 00:46:09,101
(BOTH LAUGHING)

489
00:46:11,060 --> 00:46:13,813
BRIAN: Our planet's motion leads
to something beyond

490
00:46:13,896 --> 00:46:17,776
the shifts and the thickness of the ice
and the lengths of the days.

491
00:46:17,858 --> 00:46:22,614
It's reflected in the ever-deepening
relationship between father and son.

492
00:46:42,341 --> 00:46:45,686
The seasonal shifts and the colors
and sounds of the wood,

493
00:46:45,761 --> 00:46:49,311
the life's response to the clockwork
of the solar system,

494
00:46:49,390 --> 00:46:53,770
spring will follow winter as long as
the Earth orbits the Sun.

495
00:46:54,395 --> 00:46:57,740
The cycle of the seasons
is effectively eternal.

496
00:46:58,149 --> 00:47:01,949
The Earth returning to
the same place every year...

497
00:47:02,570 --> 00:47:05,995
Except, it doesn't return
to the same place

498
00:47:06,073 --> 00:47:09,498
because we don't only
travel through space,

499
00:47:09,952 --> 00:47:12,250
we also travel through time.

500
00:47:18,669 --> 00:47:20,763
BRIAN: We live on
a spinning ball of rock,

501
00:47:21,964 --> 00:47:23,682
hurtling through the universe.

502
00:47:29,347 --> 00:47:31,975
And yet, in only a few moments,

503
00:47:32,058 --> 00:47:35,858
does the violence of
our world's motion, break through.

504
00:47:44,195 --> 00:47:45,412
For the most part,

505
00:47:45,488 --> 00:47:49,209
our planet's movement is
completely imperceptible to us.

506
00:47:53,704 --> 00:47:57,675
But there is a consequence of
motion that affects us all,

507
00:47:57,750 --> 00:47:59,798
more deeply than any other...

508
00:48:01,128 --> 00:48:03,472
Our journey into the future.

509
00:48:26,404 --> 00:48:29,078
Once every year, Antonio Carter,

510
00:48:29,156 --> 00:48:31,659
comes to the Church of St Constantine

511
00:48:32,076 --> 00:48:33,669
to pray for his life.

512
00:48:36,372 --> 00:48:37,794
In just a few hours,

513
00:48:37,873 --> 00:48:40,626
he'll risk everything
taking part in the Ardia,

514
00:48:45,297 --> 00:48:47,174
the town's annual horse race,

515
00:48:48,467 --> 00:48:52,563
a tradition that's been part
of his life since childhood.

516
00:48:56,267 --> 00:48:57,940
(SPEAKING IN OTHER LANGUAGE)

517
00:49:11,073 --> 00:49:13,121
BRIAN: As the Earth has circled the Sun,

518
00:49:13,492 --> 00:49:15,836
the Ardia has remained constant,

519
00:49:16,495 --> 00:49:18,998
the highlight of each passing year.

520
00:49:22,084 --> 00:49:24,758
(SPEAKING IN OTHER LANGUAGE)

521
00:49:37,308 --> 00:49:38,605
- (ANTONIO LAUGHS)
- (GUNSHOT)

522
00:50:04,502 --> 00:50:07,506
BRIAN: The race itself is a perilous
cat-and-mouse chase

523
00:50:07,588 --> 00:50:10,467
through the village's most
treacherous streets,

524
00:50:10,549 --> 00:50:13,928
that's taken place on
the same two days in July

525
00:50:14,011 --> 00:50:15,604
for hundreds of years.

526
00:50:23,020 --> 00:50:26,320
(SPEAKING OTHER LANGUAGE)

527
00:50:48,462 --> 00:50:52,308
BRIAN: Every year the riders appear
t0 take the same circuit

528
00:50:52,341 --> 00:50:54,560
around the same Sardinian town

529
00:50:54,635 --> 00:50:59,732
at the precise moment the Earth returns
to the same place in its orbit.

530
00:51:06,981 --> 00:51:09,450
But the reality is different.

531
00:51:10,359 --> 00:51:12,327
With every passing moment,

532
00:51:12,403 --> 00:51:15,077
we move to a different place
in the universe,

533
00:51:15,864 --> 00:51:20,586
not just in space, but also in time.

534
00:51:21,829 --> 00:51:25,754
We're hurtling into the future
at the speed of light

535
00:51:26,375 --> 00:51:31,506
and it's that motion we experience
as the passing of time.

536
00:51:42,141 --> 00:51:43,893
It's only in the last century

537
00:51:43,976 --> 00:51:46,729
that we discovered just how deeply

538
00:51:46,812 --> 00:51:50,112
motion and time are intertwined.

539
00:51:55,029 --> 00:51:59,205
We feel as if we move through
space as time ticks by,

540
00:52:00,034 --> 00:52:01,456
but that's an illusion.

541
00:52:01,785 --> 00:52:05,005
The separation of
space and time is false.

542
00:52:05,497 --> 00:52:08,000
The first person to realize that
was Albert Einstein.

543
00:52:08,375 --> 00:52:11,345
He thought deeply about motion,

544
00:52:11,420 --> 00:52:14,720
about the idea that we can't tell
whether we're moving or not

545
00:52:15,049 --> 00:52:20,351
and he tried to reconcile that with our
picture of the universal laws of nature

546
00:52:20,429 --> 00:52:22,978
and he found that he could do,

547
00:52:23,057 --> 00:52:26,527
but at the expense of jettisoning
space and time

548
00:52:26,602 --> 00:52:30,197
as separate entities,
and merging them together

549
00:52:30,648 --> 00:52:32,901
into a unified whole,

550
00:52:33,484 --> 00:52:36,863
the fabric of the universe,
called "space-time".

551
00:52:44,453 --> 00:52:49,004
In space-time, the central idea
is that of an event,

552
00:52:49,083 --> 00:52:53,054
a moment that has a location
in space and time.

553
00:52:53,128 --> 00:52:57,474
So, although I've come back to
the same place, this wood,

554
00:52:57,549 --> 00:53:02,180
over the course of a year, in summer,
autumn, winter and now spring,

555
00:53:02,221 --> 00:53:05,521
each one of those visits is
a different moment

556
00:53:05,599 --> 00:53:08,569
with a different location in space-time.

557
00:53:15,317 --> 00:53:17,820
BRIAN: As the Earth
moves through space-time,

558
00:53:17,903 --> 00:53:20,531
its orbit traces out a spiral

559
00:53:20,614 --> 00:53:24,414
as it circles the Sun and
races into the future.

560
00:53:28,455 --> 00:53:30,958
It never returns to the same place

561
00:53:31,583 --> 00:53:34,962
because each moment
is a different location

562
00:53:35,045 --> 00:53:37,173
in the fabric of the universe.

563
00:53:41,260 --> 00:53:42,853
And just as the Earth travels

564
00:53:42,928 --> 00:53:46,148
relentlessly onwards on its path
through space-time,

565
00:53:47,266 --> 00:53:48,438
so must we.

566
00:54:04,366 --> 00:54:07,290
So this is how Einstein
asks us to picture

567
00:54:07,369 --> 00:54:11,124
the sweep of our lives,
the experience of living.

568
00:54:11,749 --> 00:54:14,218
Our lives are a series of moments

569
00:54:14,460 --> 00:54:18,465
and they're laid out like
places on a map.

570
00:54:20,174 --> 00:54:22,222
There's me as a little baby.

571
00:54:22,593 --> 00:54:24,812
My dad with my granddad.

572
00:54:27,222 --> 00:54:28,815
That idyllic summer,

573
00:54:28,891 --> 00:54:32,191
sometime in the early 70's in
a paddling pool with my sister.

574
00:54:35,439 --> 00:54:37,362
When I was about four years old.

575
00:54:38,442 --> 00:54:40,194
And the perfect Christmas

576
00:54:40,277 --> 00:54:43,702
with my grandparents
some time back in the 1970's.

577
00:54:44,406 --> 00:54:47,660
(CHUCKLING) There's me
when I was 20 years old

578
00:54:47,701 --> 00:54:51,877
with a ridiculous haircut, playing
a gig somewhere in the middle of Europe,

579
00:54:52,247 --> 00:54:53,965
in Budapest I think.

580
00:54:57,085 --> 00:54:58,302
Wedding day.

581
00:55:01,340 --> 00:55:03,763
And me, in Oldham, where I grew up,

582
00:55:05,177 --> 00:55:06,850
with my little boy, George.

583
00:55:16,814 --> 00:55:19,283
This isn't exactly like a map.

584
00:55:19,358 --> 00:55:23,659
See, I can return to these places
in space, to Oldham,

585
00:55:24,112 --> 00:55:27,787
to Central Europe, to Duluth, Minnesota,
where I got married,

586
00:55:27,866 --> 00:55:29,163
back to Oldham again.

587
00:55:30,702 --> 00:55:33,205
But I can't return to these moments,

588
00:55:33,372 --> 00:55:35,374
to these events in space-time.

589
00:55:35,624 --> 00:55:39,424
Because of the geometry
of space-time itself,

590
00:55:39,461 --> 00:55:43,841
we are compelled to move
inexorably into the future.

591
00:56:00,649 --> 00:56:03,823
(ANTONIO SPEAKING IN OTHER LANGUAGE)

592
00:56:17,791 --> 00:56:20,465
BRIAN: As we all journey
through space-time,

593
00:56:20,544 --> 00:56:23,969
it's only in our memories
that we can revisit the past.

594
00:56:24,882 --> 00:56:27,010
(SPEAKING IN OTHER LANGUAGE)

595
00:56:43,525 --> 00:56:46,199
BRIAN: But just because
we can't go back in time,

596
00:56:46,904 --> 00:56:50,408
it doesn't mean that
the past isn't out there.

597
00:57:00,500 --> 00:57:03,470
If you take Einstein's universe
at face value,

598
00:57:03,545 --> 00:57:05,145
and there's no reason why you shouldn't,

599
00:57:05,213 --> 00:57:07,341
it's our best theory of space and time,

600
00:57:07,716 --> 00:57:09,764
and this picture of space-time

601
00:57:10,052 --> 00:57:12,350
with events placed within it,

602
00:57:12,638 --> 00:57:14,766
suggests something wonderful

603
00:57:14,848 --> 00:57:16,850
and I think quite magical.

604
00:57:17,392 --> 00:57:21,067
See, if I leave a place in space,

605
00:57:21,229 --> 00:57:24,904
then it doesn't cease
to exist when I've left it.

606
00:57:24,983 --> 00:57:27,327
And in space-time,

607
00:57:27,402 --> 00:57:29,655
if I leave an event,

608
00:57:29,738 --> 00:57:33,163
it doesn't cease to exist
when I've left it.

609
00:57:33,784 --> 00:57:35,832
So that suggests that

610
00:57:35,911 --> 00:57:39,336
all those summers you spent
with your mum and dad

611
00:57:39,414 --> 00:57:42,839
or that first Christmas with
your grandparents long ago,

612
00:57:42,918 --> 00:57:47,389
all those most precious memories
of people and places,

613
00:57:47,464 --> 00:57:50,058
all those summers and winters past

614
00:57:50,133 --> 00:57:52,386
and seasons yet to come,

615
00:57:53,261 --> 00:57:56,686
are out there,
somewhere in space-time.